Annapurna was and still is vastly popular. Nearly 12 million copies of Annapurna have sold so I'm not the only one who's in love with this story in its time and place. It was, for me and probably many other readers, life changing, like grabbing hold of a high-tension electric cable. In 2000, True Summit, a book written by Dave Roberts, sweeps away the magical illusion represented by Maurice's account of the expedition telling how Maurice suppressed the true story of what occurred on the expedition by hijacking "competing versions" to the one we've all read and admired, versions represented by the experiences and diaries of the other climbers. Dave, I think, was as enthralled by Annapurna over the years as I and most of it's millions of readers and he may have felt betrayed by the "truth" of what had transpired which boils down to Maurice's heavy handed management of expedition publicity and the attendant heirarchy. Maurice demanded a unified, smooth-running image of the expedition rather than a more inclusive, democratic one that would have allowed inputs from all of the members. Terms of membership in the expedition required the climbers to sign a contract, good for 5 years, that they would not publish their personal stories of the climb. And some like Louie Lachenal were pushed out completely as Dave points out which, for a fine climber like Louie, was unconscionable. I know that the 1936 German Nanga Parbat expedition, the 1938 British Everest expedition, and to a certain extent, the 1951 Swiss Everest expedition, the 1954 Italian K2 expedition almost all had the same draconian style of leadership evoked by Maurice. The 1954 K2 expedition was the most infamous for having a rigid heirarchy in place that created covert policies and in-fighting. Miriam Underhill, in a review of Victory Over K2 by Ardito Desio, the 1954 K2 expedition leader, observes "from Desio's writing we gather that he was not one of a group of comrades but a general directing his troops." (Appalachia, December 1956, p. 286) Exceptions to all of the above include the "unsuccessful" American 1939 and 1953 K2 Expeditions led by Charles Houston (the 1953 expedition was co-led by Bob Bates) and the account of the 1953 K2 expedition, The Savage Mountain, is much more "democratic" and transparent even around mundane details.
The huge issue of expedition financing for these huge enterprises is in-twined with expedition publicity. Income to finance large expeditions that go out for months to climb the high peaks is dependent on donations, government support, and book contracts. Many of these large expeditions are extensions of strong nationalistic feelings and are motivated by intense national, or, as with the Italian '54 K2 expedition, strong regional competition. The 1950 French Annapurna expedition had similar issues to the ones mentioned above of strong egos, covert politics, personality conflicts, etc, as other expedition have (as well as a lot of sports teams). Would the expedition have been more successful with more democratic leadership? One thing we've learned in the past 100 years is that in the Himalaya and Karakorum mountainweather is not often forgiving. Expediency is essential. I do recognize, too, that Dave is pointing out how Maurice's controlling behavior went far beyond what I have reported here. Maurice had a reputation, certainly, of being a fierce megalomaniac, and at the same time is revered in France.
Annapurna gave us one of the first great Himalayan climbing stories and gave the world a wonderful story about a successful, heroic ascent of a high Himalayan summit and described beautifully what human beings can accomplish. Although my admiration has always been slanted towards Louie (Lachenal), Ang-Tarkay, and Lionel (Terray), I admire Maurice in that he was a part of the expedition giving it a unified purpose, and, at the same time being one on the "comrades", sharing the load, and struggling alongside everyone else, adding his courage, skills, and endurance to its success.
No comments:
Post a Comment